In Africa, European colonial governments and European Christian missionaries criminalized and stigmatized the cultural practices of tattooing and scarification; consequently, the practices underwent decline, ended, or continued to be performed as acts of resistance.
Among the ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa that traditionally practice scarification are the Gonja, Dagomba, Frafra, Mamprusi, Nanumba, Bali, Tɔfin, Bobo, Montol, Kofyar, Yoruba, and Tiv people of West Africa, and the Dinka, Nuer, Surma, Shilluk, Toposa, Moru, Bondei, Shambaa, Barabaig, and Maasai people of East Africa.
Traditionally, the most common reason for scarification has been as a rite of passage.
Scarification has been widely used by many West African tribes to mark milestone stages in both men and women's lives, such as puberty and marriage.
In many tribes, members unwilling to participate in scarification were generally not included in the group's activities, and are often shunned from their society.
According to anthropologist Grace Harris, group members lacking the normal characteristics consistent with the group are not considered as having acquired the full standing as agents in their society; they would also lack the capacity for meaningful behavior, such as greeting, commanding, and stating.
Therefore, scarification can transform partial tribe members into "normal" members entirely accepted by the group.
Scarification is a form of language not readily expressed, except through extensive and intricate greetings, and gives the ability to communicate fully, which is a key element for being considered as a normal member of the group.
One reason why scarification is used as confirmation of adulthood is how it shows the ability to endure pain. With young men, the endurance of the pain of scarring exhibits strength and discipline, especially in tribes where males have roles as hunters and warriors.
A young man who has already experienced the feeling of torn or cut flesh is considered less likely to fear the teeth of a wild animal or the tip of an enemy's spear.
In Ethiopia and Zambia, elaborate scarification is often done on women at puberty, used to denote a willingness to be a mother. The markings show that she can stand the pain of childbirth, as well as being an indication of her emotional maturity.
Some of these rites of passage have spiritual or religious roots, such young boys in the Chambri tribe of Papua New Guinea undergo scarification resembling crocodile scales to mark their transition into manhood, a ritual which stems from the belief that humans evolved from crocodiles.
In Ethiopia, Suri men scar their bodies to show that they have killed someone from an enemy tribe;
the Mursi practice scarification for largely aesthetic reasons in order to attract the opposite sex and enhance the tactile experience of sex.
The Ekoi of Nigeria believe that the scars serve, on their way to the afterlife, as money.
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Daughter Dearest (Part Six)
Pairing: Cillian Murphy (47) x Step! Daughter (21)
Warning: Infidelity, Smut, Dysfunctional Family
Tag List will be updated soon! Please comment and engage!
As the day progressed, some more wild weather had settled in, but that did not prevent Cillian from going out and picking up a delivery for you, namely some photographs you had developed externally from your recent travels.
Usually, you liked to do these things yourself, in a studio of your own, at least when utilising analog films, but this was not an option right now. Cillian arrived home earlier than expected, his face still damp from the rain. The wind had picked up outside and the shutters beat against the brickwork of the house as he entered.
"Y/N," he called out, but you didn't answer. You had headphones on and was buried in one of your books.
He set the package down on the kitchen table and walked over to you, gently touching your shoulder. You looked up at him in surprise.
"I got your pictures," he said, pointing towards the table.
Your eyes lit up as you realized what he was referring to.
You pulled off your headphones and placed them next to you.
"Thank you so much for picking them up. You didn't have to," you exclaimed, beaming up at him, genuinely grateful.
"No problem," he replied with a soft smile.
You jumped up from the couch, making your way over to the kitchen table. You noticed that the package was slightly damp from the rain.
Carefully, you unwrapped the package, revealing an envelope full of developed photographs while Cillian stood behind you expectadly.
"Would you like to see them?" you asked, glancing back at him.
Cillian's gaze shifted between you and the envelope in your hands. He was curious, but he also didn't want to overstep any boundaries.
"Sure," he said finally, nodding his head. "I mean, unless they are too personal for you to share," he added quickly, remembering that you might not want him to see them.
You smiled at him, understanding what he meant. "I would love for you to see them," you told him, seeing how they weren't just random snaps. These photographs were part of your art and everything you photographed, especially during your last trip to Kenya, had a meaning. They showed a snapshot of life there, its beauty, its harshness, and everything in between.
You opened the envelope, carefully taking out each photograph, placing them on the counter. The room was silent, the sound of the shutters beating against the brickwork still echoing. It made the whole scenario more magical, making you feel as if you were back in Africa, immersed in all its vastness and incredible beauty.
You picked up the first photograph, a black and white image of a woman carrying a baby on her back. Her face was etched with lines that showed the passing of time, but her eyes held a spark of life and strength.
Cillian leaned over your shoulder to get a better look.
"She's beautiful," he murmured, taking in the woman's stoic expression and the way she was cradling her child with such tenderness.
You smiled, glad that he could appreciate the photo's beauty.
"Yes, I took that picture when I visited a Maasai village," you said, feeling a sense of pride bubbling up inside you.
"Their way of life is so different from ours, but there's so much beauty in their simplicity."
Cillian nodded in agreement, completely captivated by the raw emotion conveyed in the photograph. He pointed to the next picture, which showed a group of children playing in a dirt field with a makeshift soccer ball. "These kids look so happy," he observed, admiration in his voice.
"They were! I spent an entire afternoon with them," you replied, feeling a fondness for those kids coming back.
"They don't have much, but they truly know how to enjoy the simple pleasures. It's quite inspiring."
Your voice trailed off as you went through more pictures, showing mostly people and their raw emotions. Each face told a story, and this was obvious to Cillian who watched you, mesmerized by your passion for photography. It was clear to him that this wasn't just a hobby for you, but a calling. He couldn't help but be impressed by your ability to capture moments, feelings, and the spirit of the places and people you've encountered.
You turned around to look at Cillian, noticing how he seemed lost in thought. " What's on your mind?" you asked him gently, your hand reaching out to touch his arm.
Cillian started and looked at you, his gaze softening as he saw the concern etched on your face. "Nothing, I am just...," he stammered, unable to put his feelings into words just yet.
"Just what?" you pressed, sensing that something was bothering him.
He licked his lips nervously, indecision etched on his face. "I think that you have a true gift Y/N. These photographs are incredible," Cillian finally managed to say, his voice tinged with admiration.
You smiled, warmth spreading through you at the compliment, grateful for his acceptance and encouragement.
As the day went on, you, Cillian and you spent some more time together after, due to the bad weather, he had postponed his plan to catch up with his mate Dermont. You noticed the easy way Cillian interacted with you and the way he listened intently as you spoke about your photography, understanding and appreciating the way it moved you. He even shared some of his stories from his early filming days, for a bit of nostalgia.
Yet, despite this familiarity, there still lingered a sense of unspoken tension between the two of you. A pull that neither of you could explain or understand. It was an awkward dance of avoidance and stolen glances every so often.
The day after though, the weather cleared and Cillian went to see his best friend, meeting up with him for pint of Guiness downtown while you stayed at home.
You were still under house arrest and were only permitted to leave the property for an hour each day, during which you had to remain within a five-kilometer radius of where you lived. This was to permit you to exercise and attend to important matters, like shopping for essentials.
These restrictions were frustrating, and the monitor had caused a rash to appear on your ankle, but you tried to stay positive. At least you weren't in jail.
While Cillian was out, you took the opportunity to call Nadine, asking her to come over but, unfortunately for you, she declined. She had an interview for a new job that day and really couldn't miss it.
As you spoke to Nadine, who appeared somewhat reserved over the phone and when you asked her about what was wrong, she revealed to you that she had heard rumors concerning your arrest.
"I ran into Kevin at the hostel bar last night and I think it may have been Lucy who got the drugs into your bag," Nadine explained.
You frowned, feeling a surge of anger well up inside you. "But why would she do something like that?" you asked, incredulously.
Nadine sighed. "Well, apparently she was pretty pissed about you and Kevin having hooked up," Nadine explained, not condoning your mutual's friend's actions but clearly trying to explain the circumstances.
You scowled, frustration building up inside you at Lucy's pettiness. "But I haven't hooked up with Kevin at all," you hissed, your voice barely controlled. "In fact, most guys repulse me and that most certainly includes him," you added with a shiver of disgust.
Nadine remained silent for a minute, as if contemplating her next words carefully. "I know you didn't, but Lucy is pretty impulsive," she finally said, sympathetic. "Not that it makes it right though," she quickly added.
"But what am I supposed to do now?" you asked, frustrated. "I almost went to fucking jail because of her," you went on to say.
Nadine sighed heavily. "Look, Y/N, I don't know, but I should really go now. I have that interview in half an hour," Nadine said, her voice gentle and concerned.
"I know, I am sorry," you said, feeling a pang of regret. "I shouldn't be ranting," you went on to say.
"No, don't be silly. I'm always here for you, that's what friends are for," Nadine replied warmly. "But promise me that you won't do anything stupid," she added , feeling a sense of responsibility towards you.
You sighed heavily. "I won't," you answered, although this was far from the truth seeing how, as soon as Nadine hung up, you checked out Lucy's social media to see where she was at.
According to Instagram, she was still in town and you knew that you had to confront her. You wanted to get your name cleared and you wanted to tell her exactly what you thought of her. You were angry and you wanted her to know that you weren't someone to be messed with.
Thus, you quickly threw on a jacket, grabbed your sister's car keys, and headed out the door. The cold wind hit your face as you stepped outside, but you barely noticed. You were too focused on the task at hand.
As you drove towards the hostel, which was about nine kilometers away, your heart raced with anger. You couldn't believe that she had done something like this to you. You had never done anything to her, yet she had still decided to frame you.
The audacity of it all infuriated you, but you pushed past your rage and focused on the task at hand.
The hostel was crowded with young travelers, but you spotted her easily. She was sitting in the courtyard, sipping on an iced coffee and chatting with a tall blonde girl.
You approached her, feeling a surge of anger building up inside you. "Lucy," you said, your voice cool and controlled.
She looked at you, surprise flashing across her face. "Y/N?
What are you doing here?" she said, looking around nervously.
You ignored her question and cut to the chase. "Why did you plant drugs in my bag?" you demanded, anger tingeing your voice.
Lucy's eyes widened, and she looked at you in shock. "What? No, I didn't," she stammered, trying to deny it.
You raised an eyebrow, skepticism etched on your face. "Don't lie to me, Lucy. I know it was you," you told her sternly , your voice firm and unyielding.
She fidgeted, looking guilty as charged. "Fine. I did it. But I didn't mean for it to go this far," she whispered, finally admitting her wrongdoing.
"What do you mean you didn't mean for it to go this far?" You asked incredulously, not understanding why she would do something like this in the first place.
"I was drunk, and I heard about you hooking up with Kevin earlier that night. It made me jealous, and in the heat of the moment, wanted you to get in trouble," Lucy confessed, tears streaming down her face.
You stared at her, shocked and angry. "You must be joking! How could you do something so stupid? I could have ended up in jail just because of your drunken fit of jealousy!" you shouted, your voice incredulous.
"I am so sorry Y/N. I even went to see you the morning after, just before you left, but you had already gone. I wanted to warn you and make it all right. I promise," Lucy said, sniffling and rubbing her eyes just as, suddenly, you watched as a police car pulled up into the hostel parking lot, and it was then when you looked down at your ankle, seeing a red light flashing on it.
"Oh fuck," you hissed, realisation dawning on you and, before you had time to act, Lucy got up and ran off while the officers were approaching you.
You stood there, frozen on the spot, with your heart pounding in your chest. You couldn't believe what was happening.
"Miss Y/N Y/LN?" one of the officers called out, approaching you cautiously.
You swallowed hard, trying to steady your shaking hands as the figure in uniform stepped closer.
"You are in breach of your house arrest, Miss," the officer stated calmly, but with an underlying tone of authority.
You nodded dumbly, looking down at the monitor on your ankle. The red light blinked menacingly, betraying your location to the people who held your freedom in their hands.
"I'm sorry, I can explain," you stammered, attempting to reason with the officers in front of you. "I know who did what I got in trouble for and I came here to confront her," you said, quickly reaching for the device on your ankle, scratching your skin beneath.
"Well, ma'am, we will have to take you down to the station and you can call your next of kin and your solicitor when we get there," the second officer said, his tone stern but not unkind.
He and the first officer took hold of your arms, guiding you gently but firmly towards the patrol car parked outside the hostel.
As they led you away, you couldn't help but feel a wave of embarrassment sweep over you. What had you gotten yourself into? It was like a bad dream from which you couldn't wake up and, if they actually called your mother while she was on vacation, you knew you would never hear the end of it.
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